重试模式：构建弹性微服务

Without Jitter (Synchronized Waves):
Time: 0ms   -> [1000 requests fail]
Time: 100ms -> [1000 retries hit simultaneously]
Time: 200ms -> [1000 retries hit simultaneously]

With Jitter (Distributed Traffic):
Time: 0ms   -> [1000 requests fail]
Time: 92ms  -> [85 retries]
Time: 105ms -> [120 retries]
Time: 118ms -> [95 retries]
... (Traffic is smoothed out over time)

resilience4j.retry:
  instances:
    billingService:
      maxAttempts: 3
      waitDuration: 100ms
      enableExponentialBackoff: true
      exponentialBackoffMultiplier: 2.0
      enableRandomizedWait: true
      randomizedWaitFactor: 0.5
      retryExceptions:
        - org.springframework.web.client.ResourceAccessException
        - io.netty.channel.ConnectTimeoutException
      ignoreExceptions:
        - org.springframework.web.client.HttpClientErrorException # E.g., 400 Bad Request shouldn't be retried

import io.github.resilience4j.retry.annotation.Retry;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@Service
public class PaymentProcessor {

    private final RestTemplate restTemplate;

    public PaymentProcessor(RestTemplate restTemplate) {
        this.restTemplate = restTemplate;
    }

    // Apply the configured retry policy with a fallback method
    @Retry(name = "billingService", fallbackMethod = "billingFallback")
    public String chargeUser(BillingRequest request) {
        return restTemplate.postForObject("http://billing-service/charge", request, String.class);
    }

    // Executed when all retry attempts fail
    public String billingFallback(BillingRequest request, Throwable throwable) {
        return "Billing service is currently unavailable. Your transaction will be queued.";
    }
}

package main

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"time"
)

// RetryConfig holds the policies for our retry attempts
type RetryConfig struct {
	MaxAttempts int
	MinBackoff  time.Duration
	MaxBackoff  time.Duration
}

// Execute runs the operation using exponential backoff with full jitter
func Execute(ctx context.Context, config RetryConfig, operation func() error) error {
	var err error
	
	for attempt := 1; attempt <= config.MaxAttempts; attempt++ {
		err = operation()
		if err == nil {
			return nil // Success!
		}

		if attempt == config.MaxAttempts {
			break
		}

		// Calculate exponential backoff
		// wait = min(MaxBackoff, MinBackoff * 2^(attempt-1))
		backoff := config.MinBackoff * (1 << (attempt - 1))
		if backoff > config.MaxBackoff || backoff <= 0 {
			backoff = config.MaxBackoff
		}

		// Apply Full Jitter: wait randomly between 0 and backoff
		jitter := time.Duration(rand.Int63n(int64(backoff)))

		fmt.Printf("[Attempt %d/%d] Failed: %v. Retrying in %v...\n", attempt, config.MaxAttempts, err, jitter)

		select {
		case <-time.After(jitter):
		case <-ctx.Done():
			return ctx.Err()
		}
	}

	return fmt.Errorf("operation failed after %d attempts: %w", config.MaxAttempts, err)
}

func main() {
	config := RetryConfig{
		MaxAttempts: 4,
		MinBackoff:  100 * time.Millisecond,
		MaxBackoff:  2000 * time.Millisecond,
	}

	// Mock function that fails 3 times and succeeds on the 4th
	attempts := 0
	mockAPI := func() error {
		attempts++
		if attempts < 4 {
			return errors.New("network timeout (503)")
		}
		return nil
	}

	ctx := context.Background()
	err := Execute(ctx, config, mockAPI)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Printf("Final Outcome: %v\n", err)
	} else {
		fmt.Println("Final Outcome: Successfully connected on attempt", attempts)
	}
}