REST API

في هندسة برمجيات المؤسسات الحديثة، يعد بناء واجهات برمجة تطبيقات RESTful حجر الزاوية لتطوير الأنظمة الخلفية. لعقود من الزمن، اعتمد مطورو Java على أطر العمل التقليدية مثل Spring Boot. وهنا يأتي دور Quarkus—إطار عمل Supersonic Subatomic Java المصمم خصيصًا لـ OpenJDK HotSpot و GraalVM. 1. لماذا تختار Quarkus لبناء واجهات REST بـ Java؟ أ. نموذج RESTEasy التفاعلي ب. خدمات التطوير والبرمجة الحية بدون تكوين 2. بنية واجهة برمجة تطبيقات REST في Quarkus 3. تهيئة المشروع والاعتمادات mvn io.quarkus.platform:quarkus-maven-plugin:3.15.0:create \ -DprojectGroupId=com.ghaznix.api \ -DprojectArtifactId=quarkus-product-api \ -DclassName="com.ghaznix.api.ProductResource" \ -Dpath="/api/products" \ -Dextensions="resteasy-reactive-jackson,hibernate-orm-panache,jdbc-postgresql,hibernate-validator,smallrye-openapi" 4. تكوين خصائص التطبيق # Application Configuration quarkus.application.name=quarkus-product-api quarkus.http.port=8080 # Database Configuration (Dev Services will override in dev mode automatically) quarkus.datasource.db-kind=postgresql quarkus.datasource.username=postgres quarkus.datasource.password=secret quarkus.datasource.jdbc.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/product_db # Hibernate ORM Configuration quarkus.hibernate-orm.database.generation=drop-and-create quarkus.hibernate-orm.log.sql=true # Swagger UI & OpenAPI Path quarkus.swagger-ui.always-include=true quarkus.swagger-ui.path=/swagger-ui 5. نموذج المجال و Active Record مع Panache package com.ghaznix.api; import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.panache.PanacheEntity; import jakarta.persistence.Column; import jakarta.persistence.Entity; import jakarta.persistence.Table; import jakarta.validation.constraints.Min; import jakarta.validation.constraints.NotBlank; import jakarta.validation.constraints.NotNull; import java.math.BigDecimal; import java.util.List; @Entity @Table(name = "products") public class Product extends PanacheEntity { @NotBlank(message = "Product name cannot be blank") @Column(nullable = false) public String name; @Column(length = 1000) public String description; @NotNull(message = "Price is required") @Min(value = 0, message = "Price must be non-negative") @Column(nullable = false) public BigDecimal price; @Column(nullable = false) public Integer stockQuantity; public String category; // Static Finder Utility Methods powered by Panache public static List<Product> findByCategory(String category) { return list("category", category); } public static List<Product> findAvailableProducts() { return list("stockQuantity > 0"); } } 6. إنشاء نقاط نهاية REST جاهزة للإنتاج package com.ghaznix.api; import io.quarkus.panache.common.Page; import io.quarkus.panache.common.Sort; import jakarta.transaction.Transactional; import jakarta.validation.Valid; import jakarta.ws.rs.*; import jakarta.ws.rs.core.MediaType; import jakarta.ws.rs.core.Response; import org.eclipse.microprofile.openapi.annotations.Operation; import org.eclipse.microprofile.openapi.annotations.responses.APIResponse; import org.eclipse.microprofile.openapi.annotations.tags.Tag; import java.net.URI; import java.util.List; @Path("/api/products") @Produces(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) @Consumes(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) @Tag(name = "Product REST API", description = "Operations for managing catalog products") public class ProductResource { @GET @Operation(summary = "Get all products with pagination") @APIResponse(responseCode = "200", description = "List of products retrieved successfully") public List<Product> getAllProducts( @QueryParam("page") @DefaultValue("0") int pageIndex, @QueryParam("size") @DefaultValue("10") int pageSize, @QueryParam("sort") @DefaultValue("name") String sortBy) { return Product.findAll(Sort.by(sortBy)) .page(Page.of(pageIndex, pageSize)) .list(); } @GET @Path("/{id}") @Operation(summary = "Get product by ID") @APIResponse(responseCode = "200", description = "Product details found") @APIResponse(responseCode = "404", description = "Product not found") public Product getProductById(@PathParam("id") Long id) { Product product = Product.findById(id); if (product == null) { throw new NotFoundException("Product with ID " + id + " does not exist."); } return product; } @POST @Transactional @Operation(summary = "Create a new product") @APIResponse(responseCode = "201", description = "Product created successfully") @APIResponse(responseCode = "400", description = "Invalid request payload") public Response createProduct(@Valid Product product) { product.persist(); return Response.created(URI.create("/api/products/" + product.id)) .entity(product) .build(); } @PUT @Path("/{id}") @Transactional @Operation(summary = "Update an existing product") @APIResponse(responseCode = "200", description = "Product updated") @APIResponse(responseCode = "404", description = "Product ID not found") public Product updateProduct(@PathParam("id") Long id, @Valid Product updatedProduct) { Product entity = Product.findById(id); if (entity == null) { throw new NotFoundException("Product with ID " + id + " not found."); } entity.name = updatedProduct.name; entity.description = updatedProduct.description; entity.price = updatedProduct.price; entity.stockQuantity = updatedProduct.stockQuantity; entity.category = updatedProduct.category; return entity; } @DELETE @Path("/{id}") @Transactional @Operation(summary = "Delete a product by ID") @APIResponse(responseCode = "204", description = "Product deleted successfully") @APIResponse(responseCode = "404", description = "Product ID not found") public Response deleteProduct(@PathParam("id") Long id) { boolean deleted = Product.deleteById(id); if (!deleted) { throw new NotFoundException("Product with ID " + id + " not found."); } return Response.noContent().build(); } } 7. نقاط نهاية REST التفاعلية مقابل التنفيذ الحاصر import io.smallrye.mutiny.Uni; import io.smallrye.mutiny.Multi; @GET @Path("/reactive/{id}") public Uni<Product> getProductReactive(@PathParam("id") Long id) { return Product.<Product>findByIdAsync(id) .onItem().ifNull().failWith(new NotFoundException("Product not found")); } @GET @Path("/stream") @Produces(MediaType.SERVER_SENT_EVENTS) public Multi<Product> streamProducts() { return Product.streamAll(); } 8. معالجة الاستثناءات الشاملة ومعيار الأخطاء package com.ghaznix.api.exception; import jakarta.ws.rs.NotFoundException; import jakarta.ws.rs.core.MediaType; import jakarta.ws.rs.core.Response; import jakarta.ws.rs.ext.ExceptionMapper; import jakarta.ws.rs.ext.Provider; import java.time.Instant; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; @Provider public class GlobalExceptionMapper implements ExceptionMapper<Exception> { @Override public Response toResponse(Exception exception) { Map<String, Object> errorPayload = new HashMap<>(); errorPayload.put("timestamp", Instant.now().toString()); if (exception instanceof NotFoundException) { errorPayload.put("status", 404); errorPayload.put("error", "Not Found"); errorPayload.put("message", exception.getMessage()); return Response.status(Response.Status.NOT_FOUND) .entity(errorPayload) .type(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) .build(); } errorPayload.put("status", 500); errorPayload.put("error", "Internal Server Error"); errorPayload.put("message", exception.getMessage()); return Response.status(Response.Status.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR) .entity(errorPayload) .type(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) .build(); } } 9. الاختبارات الآلية باستخدام @QuarkusTest و REST Assured package com.ghaznix.api; import io.quarkus.test.junit.QuarkusTest; import io.restassured.http.ContentType; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import static io.restassured.RestAssured.given; import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*; @QuarkusTest public class ProductResourceTest { @Test public void testGetAllProductsEndpoint() { given() .when().get("/api/products") .then() .statusCode(200) .contentType(ContentType.JSON); } @Test public void testCreateAndGetProduct() { Product product = new Product(); product.name = "Gaming Laptop"; product.description = "High-performance GPU laptop"; product.price = new java.math.BigDecimal("1499.99"); product.stockQuantity = 15; product.category = "Electronics"; // Test POST Endpoint Integer createdId = given() .contentType(ContentType.JSON) .body(product) .when().post("/api/products") .then() .statusCode(201) .body("name", equalTo("Gaming Laptop")) .extract().path("id"); // Test GET Endpoint by ID given() .pathParam("id", createdId) .when().get("/api/products/{id}") .then() .statusCode(200) .body("category", equalTo("Electronics")); } } ./mvnw test 10. التجميع إلى ملف تنفيذي أصلي بـ GraalVM ./mvnw quarkus:dev ./mvnw package java -jar target/quarkus-app/quarkus-run.jar ./mvnw package -Dnative -Dquarkus.native.container-build=true ./target/quarkus-product-api-1.0.0-runner 2026-09-21 22:30:00,014 INFO [io.quarkus] (main) quarkus-product-api 1.0.0-runner native (powered by Quarkus 3.15.0) started in 0.018s. Listening on: http://0.0.0.0:8080 11. مقاييس الأداء: Quarkus مقابل Spring Boot مقياس الأداء Spring Boot (JVM) Quarkus (OpenJDK JVM) Quarkus (GraalVM Native) التحسين وقت البدء (البدء البارد) 3.82 ثانية 1.18 ثانية 0.015 ثانية أسرع بـ 254 مرة استهلاك الذاكرة (RSS) 184 ميجابايت 108 ميجابايت 28 ميجابايت تخفيض الذاكرة بنسبة 84% 12. الخلاصة وأفضل الممارسات Ghaznix Blog.